They broke many taboos, leading to the left-wing Progressive Writers Movement, which transformed subcontinental literature. 5 These stories drew on Western literary traditions to attack India’s social, sexual, and religious hypocriscy. 4 Ahmed Ali first made a substantial contribution to Urdu literature as one of the four Marxist “English-educated” Indians who co-authored Angarey in 1932. Narayan, Raja Rao-who pioneered a modern, nationalistic, South Asian Indian English fiction, which coincided with the Independence movement. The bilingual Ahmed Ali is considered “the Muslim fourth to the Indian big three of the 1930’s”-Mulk Raj Anand, R.K. He co-translated 9th-century Chinese poetry and Russian prose and also wrote a pioneering critical work on art, theater and literature.
![history of english literature in urdu language history of english literature in urdu language](https://www.dictionary.com/e/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/20200806_urdu_1000x700.png)
3 He is regarded as the first modern English-language poet of undivided India. Instead, Suhrawardy shows himself to be “a master of such poetic devices as meter and rhyme especially in his later poems,” revealing the modernist influence of T. Suhrawardy’s next collection, Essays in Verse ( 1937), made such a complete break from all other Indian English writing of the time that he makes no mention of India as a location. These Orientalist influences permeated Indian-English writing for generations. Suhrawardy’s two poetry collections, Faded Leaves ( 1910) and Essays in Verse ( 1937), reveal his development “from a pre-modern poet to a modern one.” 2 Faded Leaves has links to the earliest Indian-English poetry, which drew on Orientalist translations of Indian literature and related 19th-century British poetry. The most prominent of these were Shahid Suhrawardy ( 1890–1965) and Ahmed Ali ( 1910–1994). At Partition, Pakistan “inherited” a handful of established English-language novelists and poets. The independence movement was supported by a nationalist press, which included English-language newspapers such as Dawn and the Pakistan Times, established in 19, respectively. In Pakistan, this is very evident in the collected speeches of Mohammed Ali Jinnah ( 1876–1948) and that of many other leaders compiled over the years. At the approach of Independence, the founding fathers of India and Pakistan all used English to great advantage as a link language with the British Raj to press their demands. Of course its origins are rooted in the colonial encounter. In the early 21st century, English-language writing by authors of Pakistani origin 1 has received considerable attention, although it has been a part of Pakistan’s literary life since the creation of an independent Pakistan in 1947. Naqvi, Fatima Bhutto, and Maha Khan Phillips.
![history of english literature in urdu language history of english literature in urdu language](https://brill.com/cover/covers/26659050.jpg)
The extensive English-language non-fiction written in Pakistan ranging from autobiographies, collected editorials, and newspaper columns to writings on art and literature are also given space, as are the creative memoirs of Sara Suleri and others, the plays of Ayub Khan Din and Ayad Akhtar, the poetry of Moniza Alvi and Imtiaz Dharker, and a wide range of fiction writers from Aamer Hussein and Daniyal Mueenuddin to Nadeem Aslam, Mohsin Hamid, and Kamila Shamsie as well as newer voices such as Roopa Farooki, H. The internationalism of Tariq Ali and the new multi-cultural British identity asserted by the writing of Hanif Kureishi-and indeed Kureishi’s links to his Pakistan-resident family-poet Maki Kureishi and the journalist Omar Kureishi are pointed out. This article covers the critical writings of Alamgir Hashmi, Tariq Rahman, and Muneeza Shamsie in defining and developing a new canon.
![history of english literature in urdu language history of english literature in urdu language](https://static-01.daraz.pk/p/6c2deb805f9c8921322ff64d1ef50a75.jpg)
Early writers such as Shahid Suhrawardy and Ahmed Ali and the role of Taufiq Rafat in the birth of a new contemporary poetry in Pakistan are included alongside a discussion of the extensive writings of Zulfikar Ghose, an early diaspora writer. Bringing together writing by Pakistan-resident writers as well as those in the diaspora demonstrates both contrasts and links among them. Surveying Pakistani-English drama, fiction, non-fiction, and poetry from the inception of Pakistan in 1947 to 2015 reveals how Pakistani-English writing developed and changed over the years, from a small marginalized genre in the early years of Pakistan to the dynamic, growing body of work in the 21st century.